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An Overview of Taiwans Economic Development (Ia)

Abstract

Prior to the 17th century during the era of the so-called great voyages, the residents on Taiwan were mainly the aborigines, i.e., Austronesians. Economically, aborigines lived in self-subsistent, Neolithic societies, where hunting, fishing, and primitive farming were the primary means of livelihood. Primitive economies imply that the main transactions involving land, labor, tools, and produce are socially obligatory gift giving.

Since the Dutch period establishing settlements on the west coast in 1624, trans-shipping trade had been a driving force for Taiwan’s economic development. Initially, the Dutch engaged in trading goods produced in Japan, China, and the Dutch colonial islands in the South China Sea. The Dutch then realized that Taiwan’s deer hides, sugar and fishes were valuable goods for export. Their administration of Taiwan (i.e., VOC) followed the dictates of mercantilism and gave rise to Taiwan’s tradition of trade and commerce, based on the island’s key position in East Asia’s sea traffic.

In 1662, the Dutch was expelled from Taiwan by Cheng Cheng-kung. Upon the Cheng regime surrendering to the Ching Empire in 1683, Ching government lifted the ban on international trade, but foreigners were allowed to trade with China via Amoy. Due to rise of Amoy, Taiwan had lost its trade hub role around the South
China Sea in the following two centuries.


漁獵與採集

人類初民過著漁獵和採集的生活 (所謂 hunter-gatherer),自起源地非洲往外遷移,進入歐亞大陸 (Eurasia),再逐漸往外擴散。原始居民仍處於石器時代,人口密度極低,極少栽培作物,也不飼養動物 (狗除外),一切生活所需皆由自然界中直接採集而來。他們大多採行定居,知道用火;能夠製造工具,建築遮蔽物;並能尋找食物資源,貯存糧食。而漁獵活動的進行,通常必須群體合作。

一般而言,原始經濟活動可如採集、漁獵、游牧、游耕等。此種自然經濟,其特徵為:工具簡便,自給自足,可維持生態平衡。台灣原住民的早期經濟形態,可稱為氏族共同經濟的生產形態;亦即,各部落成員於共有土地內,以群體合作方式,從事漁獵和其他勞動生產,並共享獵物及勞動成果 (部落共產共享生活模式)。而豐富的鹿群,即是一種主要的食物來源,也是與外人進行交易的主要商品。較晚期的經濟形態,除了採集、漁獵及部分手工藝,則以旱田燒墾式農業 (游耕) 為主。事實上,在荷蘭人來台之前,大概除了蘭嶼雅美族 (達悟族) 於水田種植芋頭以外,其他原住民幾乎都以旱田燒墾為生。此外,四千多年以前,南島民族使用獨木舟 (或拼板舟) 及其他渡海工具,於千年以上期間展開波瀾壯闊的南太平洋逐島遷移擴散,亦顯現其精湛的航海技術 (包括天文、水文、氣象、造船等)及島嶼上營生、繁衍技能。台灣人之為海洋民族,實屬當之無愧。

考古學者認為,台灣也是舊石器時代人類主要生活地區之一 (以長濱文化為代表)。由長濱文化遺留,可推測其存在年代最晚約為五千年前,最早則距今已是五萬年左右。進入新石器時代,人類開始栽植作物,也會飼養動物。若以生活在兩千年前的八里十三行人為例,彼等賴以營生者主要乃是稻米等農作物種植除了種稻,漁獵也相當發達。十三行人在淡水河邊尋找魚蝦貝類,在海中捕撈各類水產,並進入鄰近山區獵取鹿、羌、山豬、山羊等野生動物,充分利用河海出口及山林的豐富資源。貝肉吃畢,貝殼丟棄一處,即形成考古學家所稱之「貝塚」。他們使用鐵器,也會煉金,並製造銅器。另由遺址上發現織布所用的陶紡輪,可知十三行人應會利用簡單工具縫做衣物。

 

參考資料:

1.   江燦騰:〈台灣經濟發展史〉

<http://www.cge.tsint.edu.tw/chiang/97-2台灣經濟發展史().ppt>

2.   吳聰敏:〈台灣經濟發展史〉

<http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~ntut019/ltes/TEH2001.pdf>

3.   《福爾摩沙:十七世紀的臺灣.荷蘭與東亞》

<http://www.npm.gov.tw/exhbition/formosa/chinese/index.htm>

4.   張溪南:〈明鄭時期的海上貿易及其活動〉

<http://sea.owes.tnc.edu.tw/ocean/presentation3.html>

 

 


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